Control Flow in Swift, These include while loops to perform a task multiple times; if, guard, and switch statements to execute different branches of code based on certain conditions; and statements such as break and continue to transfer the flow of execution to another point in your code.
For-In Loops
for-in loop to iterate over a sequence, such as items in an array, ranges of numbers, or characters in a string.
let names = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four"]
for name in names {
print("Hello, \(name)!")
}
let numberOfLegs = ["spider": 8, "ant": 6, "cat": 4]
for (animalName, legCount) in numberOfLegs {
print("\(animalName)s have \(legCount) legs")
}
for index in 1...5 {
print("\(index) times 5 is \(index * 5)")
}
let base = 3
let power = 10
var answer = 1
for _ in 1...power {
answer *= base
}While Loops
A while loop performs a set of statements until a condition becomes false. These kinds of loops are best used when the number of iterations isn’t known before the first iteration begins.
- while evaluates its condition at the start of each pass through the loop.
- repeat-while evaluates its condition at the end of each pass through the loop.
while condition {
statements
}
var start = 0
var tryAttempt = 0
while start < tryAttempt {
// roll the dice
tryAttempt += 1
if tryAttempt == 7 { tryAttempt = 1 }
// move by the rolled amount
start += tryAttempt
if start < board.count {
// if we're still on the board, move up or down for a snake or a ladder
start += board[start]
}
}Repeat-While
Repeat-while loop, performs a single pass through the loop block first, before considering the loop’s condition.
repeat {
statements
} while condition
Conditional Statements
Swift provides two ways to add conditional branches to your code: the if statement and the switch statement. Typically, you use the if statement to evaluate simple conditions with only a few possible outcomes. The switch statement is better suited to more complex conditions with multiple possible permutations and is useful in situations where pattern matching can help select an appropriate code branch to execute.
If
var yourTempVariable = 30
if yourTempVariable <= 32 {
print("It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.")
}
yourTempVariable = 40
if yourTempVariable <= 32 {
print("It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.")
} else {
print("It's not that cold. Wear a t-shirt.")
}
yourTempVariable = 90
if yourTempVariable <= 32 {
print("It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.")
} else if yourTempVariable >= 86 {
print("It's really warm. Don't forget to wear sunscreen.")
} else {
print("It's not that cold. Wear a t-shirt.")
}Switch
A switch statement considers a value and compares it against several possible matching patterns. It then executes an appropriate block of code, based on the first pattern that matches successfully.
switch some value to consider {
case value 1:
respond to value 1
case value 2,
value 3:
respond to value 2 or 3
default:
otherwise, do something else
}
let someCharacter: Character = "z"
switch someCharacter {
case "a":
print("The first letter of the alphabet")
case "z":
print("The last letter of the alphabet")
default:
print("Some other character")
}Interval Matching
Values in switch cases can be checked for their inclusion in an interval.
let approximateCount = 62
let countedThings = "moons orbiting Saturn"
let naturalCount: String
switch approximateCount {
case 0:
naturalCount = "no"
case 1..<5:
naturalCount = "a few"
case 5..<12:
naturalCount = "several"
case 12..<100:
naturalCount = "dozens of"
case 100..<1000:
naturalCount = "hundreds of"
default:
naturalCount = "many"
}Tuples
You can use tuples to test multiple values in the same switch statement. Each element of the tuple can be tested against a different value or interval of values.
let somePoint = (1, 1)
switch somePoint {
case (0, 0):
print("\(somePoint) is at the origin")
case (_, 0):
print("\(somePoint) is on the x-axis")
case (0, _):
print("\(somePoint) is on the y-axis")
case (-2...2, -2...2):
print("\(somePoint) is inside the box")
default:
print("\(somePoint) is outside of the box")
}Value Bindings
A switch case can name the value or values it matches to temporary constants or variables, for use in the body of the case. This behavior is known as value binding, because the values are bound to temporary constants or variables within the case’s body.
let anotherPoint = (2, 0)
switch anotherPoint {
case (let x, 0):
print("on the x-axis with an x value of \(x)")
case (0, let y):
print("on the y-axis with a y value of \(y)")
case let (x, y):
print("somewhere else at (\(x), \(y))")
}Where
A switch case can use a where clause to check for additional conditions.
let yetAnotherPoint = (1, -1)
switch yetAnotherPoint {
case let (x, y) where x == y:
print("(\(x), \(y)) is on the line x == y")
case let (x, y) where x == -y:
print("(\(x), \(y)) is on the line x == -y")
case let (x, y):
print("(\(x), \(y)) is just some arbitrary point")
}Compound Cases
Multiple switch cases that share the same body can be combined by writing several patterns after case, with a comma between each of the patterns. If any of the patterns match, then the case is considered to match.
let someCharacter: Character = "e"
switch someCharacter {
case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u":
print("\(someCharacter) is a vowel")
case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m",
"n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z":
print("\(someCharacter) is a consonant")
default:
print("\(someCharacter) isn't a vowel or a consonant")
}Control Transfer Statements
Control transfer statements change the order in which your code is executed, by transferring control from one piece of code to another.
- continue
- break
- fallthrough
- return
- throw
Continue
The continue statement tells a loop to stop what it’s doing and start again at the beginning of the next iteration through the loop.
let puzzleInput = "great minds think alike"
var puzzleOutput = ""
let charactersToRemove: [Character] = ["a", "e", "i", "o", "u", " "]
for character in puzzleInput {
if charactersToRemove.contains(character) {
continue
}
puzzleOutput.append(character)
}Break
The break statement ends execution of an entire control flow statement immediately.
Break in a Switch Statement
let numberSymbol: Character = "三" // Chinese symbol for the number 3
var possibleIntegerValue: Int?
switch numberSymbol {
case "1", "١", "一", "๑":
possibleIntegerValue = 1
case "2", "٢", "二", "๒":
possibleIntegerValue = 2
case "3", "٣", "三", "๓":
possibleIntegerValue = 3
case "4", "٤", "四", "๔":
possibleIntegerValue = 4
default:
break
}
if let integerValue = possibleIntegerValue {
print("The integer value of \(numberSymbol) is \(integerValue).")
} else {
print("An integer value couldn't be found for \(numberSymbol).")
}Early Exit
A guard statement, like an if statement, executes statements depending on the Boolean value of an expression. You use a guard statement to require that a condition must be true in order for the code after the guard statement to be executed.
func greet(person: [String: String]) {
guard let name = person["name"] else {
return
}
print("Hello \(name)!")
guard let location = person["location"] else {
print("I hope the weather is nice near you.")
return
}
print("I hope the weather is nice in \(location).")
}
Happy Coding 🙂
